Fertility Rate and Population Growth

The term total fertility rate describes the total number of children the average woman in a population is likely to have based on her birth rate at any given time—this number is meant to project the number of children a woman will have throughout her lifetime. Total fertility rates tend to differ greatly by country. Developing countries in Africa, for example, usually see a total fertility rate of around six children per woman. Eastern European and highly developed Asian countries, on the other hand, can expect closer to one child per woman. Fertility rates along with replacement rates are an excellent indicator of whether a population will experience growth or decline. Replacement Rate The concept of replacement rate is directly associated with that of fertility rate.  Replacement rate is the number of children a woman needs to have in order to maintain the current population levels of her family, or what is known as zero population growth. In other words, replacement-level fertility exactly replaces a woman and her partner for a net loss of zero when she and the father of her children die. In developed countries, a replacement rate of about 2.1 is necessary to sustain a population. Replacement cannot occur if a child does not reach maturity and have their own offspring, so the extra 0.1 children per woman is built in as a 5% buffer. This accounts for the death of a child or a child that chooses not to or is unable to have children of their own. In less developed countries, the replacement rate is around 2.3 due to higher childhood and adult mortality rates. World Fertility Rates With fertility rates being such a useful tool for reading the health of a population, researchers often study them closely. They are keeping their eyes on the fertility rates of a few countries, in particular, to predict what is likely to be considerable population fluctuation. Some nations can expect their numbers to soar in the coming years. Mali with a fertility rate of 6.01 and Niger with a fertility rate of 6.49 as of 2017, for example, will grow exponentially in the next few years unless growth rates and total fertility rates suddenly plummet. Malis population in 2017 was approximately 18.5 million, up from 12 million just a decade prior. If Malis high total fertility rate per woman remains the same or even continues to grow, its population will essentially explode. Malis 2017 growth rate of 3.02 was the result of fertility rates doubling in only 23 years. Other countries with high total fertility rates include Angola at 6.16, Somalia at 5.8, Zambia at 5.63, Malawi at 5.49, Afghanistan at 5.12, and Mozambique at 5.08. On the other hand, more than 70 countries had a total fertility rate of less than two in 2017. Without widescale immigration or an increase in total fertility rates, these nations will have declining populations over the next few decades. Both developed and developing countries can face negative population growth. Examples of countries with low fertility rates are Singapore at 0.83, Macau at 0.95,  Lithuania at 1.59, the Czech Republic at 1.45, Japan at 1.41, and  Canada at 1.6. U.S. Fertility Rates Perhaps surprisingly, the U.S. fertility rate is below replacement level. The total fertility rate for the United States in 2019 was calculated at 1.7 and the total fertility rate for the world was 2.4, down from 2.8 in 2002 and 5.0 in 1965. This steadily decreasing fertility rate spells decreasing populations in the U.S. Chinas defunct one-child policy contributed to the countrys current fertility rate of 1.62. Different cultural groups within a country can exhibit very different total fertility rates. In the United States, for example, when the countrys overall fertility rate was 1.82 in 2016, the total fertility rate was 2.09 for Hispanics, 1.83 for African Americans, 1.69 for Asians, and 1.72 for white Americans, the largest ethnic group.

The Pain Of A Physician Assistant - 875 Words

Terrified was an understatement. â€Å"Surgery†¦.surgery†¦surgery†¦Ã¢â‚¬  was the only word that I heard echoed through the room , and suddenly images of knifes and flesh being cut invaded my ten years old mind. Peritonitis, was what I had, â€Å"unfortunately† I thought then, yet â€Å"fortunately† I know now. My calling in life was then discovered and for that I will be forever grateful. Petrified and alone, I was yearning for someone to understand my fear and explain what is about to happen to me; to clarify what the doctors said. That s when a Physician Assistant walked in and changed my life forever. I will always remember Julie s smile and reassuring voice which filled me with a sense of calm and genuine comfort. She was carrying a doll and highlighted what my surgery was all about. As I lay in bed recovering after surgery, I decided that one day I will be like Julie and I will help people feel secure and safe in the healthcare setting. â€Å"On e more bite Ethan†, I said armed with a toy truck, as I was attempting to feed his frail, cold, and hairless little body who’s eyes were full of life. Ethan was my friend, I came to visit him every Friday hopefully at his home but commonly at the hospital. â€Å"It’s almost over Ethan, you will soon stop hurting my little sunshine† I said to him, as I hugged his skeletal body. He looked up to me and without a sound he made perfect sense. That Sunday morning will forever be inked in my heart, that was the last day I saw my four year old friend, but theShow MoreRelatedWho Is The Physician Assistant?811 Words   |  4 PagesI fell backwards and heard a crack, after that all I remember is excruciating pain. I was rushed to ER, there was my first encounter with caring and helpful strangers who made the pain disappear and the experience became my rite of passage into the trying, sometimes painful, and always gratifying world of medicine. The root of my desire i n entering the medical field is to help people and to provide comfort to them while providing excellent treatment just as I received as a girl that alarming dayRead MorePlastic Surgery Essay1741 Words   |  7 PagesMedicine (D.O.) degree. All physicians must earn a license in order to practice medicine in the United States. If you are an M.D., you need to pass the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE). If you are a D.O., you must pass the Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Exam (COMLEX). The USMLE and COMLEX consist of three parts and test candidates on how well they apply basic science concepts to the practice of medicine. 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Medical assistant specialty is to complete all clinical tasks and administrative tasks in hospitals, physician offices, and other health care clinics. Their duties may include taking a patients vital signs and history, arranging appointments for patients, helping the physician with examinations, following physician orders and administering injections, and preparing blood samples for testing. WhenRead MoreEssay On Nursing Patients931 Words   |  4 Pagescalled back by a Spanish speaking medical assistant who measured her vitals, we ight, blood pressure, and heart rate, and then took her initial history while entering the information into their electronic medical record on a tablet. The patient’s primary complaint was pain and swelling in her ankle after a fall 5 days prior. The injury was making it difficult to walk and she had been stuck in bed for the majority of the past few days. 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Discharge Summary865 Words   |  4 Pagesreport of this information is known as the:   A.  initial progress note B.  discharge summary C.  history and physical D.  SOAP note    3.  The SOAP documentation format is most commonly used in which healthcare setting?   A.  hospital inpatient B.  physician s office C.  hospital emergency department D.  outpatient diagnostic department    4.  Dr. Schultz has just examined Natalia Shrier who had come to see him because she has been having increasing problems with gastroesophageal reflux. Dr. SchultzRead MoreThe Rise Of The Midlevel Primary Care Provider895 Words   |  4 Pagescausing concern for a problematic shortage of physicians, (Raines, 2014) it also heralds new and exciting solutions which include opening doors for midlevel providers, such as Nurse Practitioners and Physician’s Assistants, to succeed as primary healthcare providers in the world of a rapidly changing healthcare system. Both the Physician’s Assistant and Nurse Practitioner professions are relatively new in medicine. (American Association of Physician Assistants, n.d) Interestingly, these professions wereRead MorePhysician Assistant – A Career Research Project. Lindsey1722 Words   |  7 Pages Physician Assistant – A Career Research Project Lindsey Powell Rowan Cabarrus Community College Abstract This paper explores the career field of a Physician Assistant. The research accumulated in this paper covers general information about becoming a Physician Assistant, information about a specific employer who would hire someone desiring to become a Physician Assistant, and a description of the typical career path one follows as he/she advances when becoming a Physician AssistantRead MoreThe Care Practice At Reed City Family Practice1583 Words   |  7 Pagespatients you serve. A typical day is very busy within this office, most Medical assistants get at the office at least a half hour before the provider they are currently working with. This is to stock their rooms with supplies and, prepare paperwork for their day. Appointments start at different times as each provider makes their own schedule, but for the most part, they start seeing patients at 8 am. The medical assistant will print paperwork to prepare for their day such as, immunizations records on

Working Weeks Free Essays

In New Zealand by Altering Working Weeks If I could change one thing about the world of business and organizations, it would be to alter the generic 40 hour working week for New Islanders. I would define this key strategic issue in two particular contexts; the first of which being how the generic working week is structured, and the second being the average amount of normal weekly hours a full time worker must work to maintain a livelihood. It is imperative that both areas of this Issue are addressed in order to benefit employees, societies and corporations. We will write a custom essay sample on Working Weeks or any similar topic only for you Order Now This can be done by combating society Issue of growing unemployment to generate a sustainable employment future for all kiwis, while still benefiting employers by Increase efficiency and effectiveness within our economy. This particular Issue Is Important to me because I have now been unemployed for seven months and have found it extraordinarily difficult. I often worry about how my children will handle employment in the future along with the inevitability that it is to only bound to be worse for them. Increasing population vs.. Creasing amount of jobs is to blame for this rising trend towards future unemployment. Population is increasing at an exponential rate which is driving unemployment up, but is not as easily addressed as the issue of decreasing Jobs. It is widely known that globalization has been a number one driver in unemployment. Fifty percent of Jobs that were available thirty years ago no longer exist due to technological advancement or ‘machines taking over’ (Rotten, 2013). Jobs are increasingly being replaced by robots to improve efficiency, and as technology advances; so too will this issue. I worked as a checkout operator at New World Metro for five years and during this time we Introduced self-service lanes, which dramatically decreased New Worlds need for checkout staff. I was trained as a self- service supervisor and my Job was to look over eight of these machines and help if any issues arose. Technically, my job replaced that of eight checkout operators. It is not to say that people were fired during this time of transition, but when people left; many were not replaced due to lack of demand. This example from my prior work experience can be applied to majority of firms these days. It is an issue to be addressed in all industries, at both ends of the spectrum, from supermarkets to law firms. Many have predicted computers to take the place of lawyers in the next 10 – 20 year because of their capacity to hold information from millions books (Lick, 2013). However, Increasing technology Is not something that can be, nor should be stopped, as It helps economies grow and become more efficient and effective. It Is Improvements In the way we work, that may be able to address this Issue. There are various ways we can look at combating unemployment and increase efficiency and effectiveness within the New Zealand structured. New Zealand currently adapts an eight hour a day, five day week. This leaves workers with only two free days a week implying 30% free time, which Just does not feel like enough. It is depressing to think that as a human we spend 70% of every week of our entire life working. Changing too 10 hour: 4 day ratio means free time is increased to 42. 8% of every week; which is a whole lot closer to half way. Using this structure, workers can still work the same amount of hours while earning the same income but gaining an extra day of free time to spend doing the things they enjoy. This will improve each individual’s general mood, thus creating happier irking environments, which could generate more efficient and effective workplaces. It is also inevitable that work places would become more efficient under this system, as projects would get completed at a faster rate. Companies would gain two extra hours a day of an individual’s time to complete each project, thus completing Jobs at a higher frequency in the same amount of working hours. The 10 hour: 4 day week could also impact positively on unemployment, as companies gain an entire day of working hours where cover must be found a week. Fortunately this extra day does not mom at the expense of decreasing anyone else’s hours, thus an entire new Job is formed. This idea comes under the assumption that majority of companies are open seven days a week. Consequently, each organization would need to increase their Weekend staff to cater for this extra day. Additionally, this structure could also help job-share equality in the workplace; implying two days each for each worker. Therefore this 10 hour four day week would not only be beneficial for full time employees by increasing their free time, and Job share employees by creating an equal split, it would also benefit corporations by increasing productivity and efficiency, and society by decreasing unemployment. The next area to look at when addressing issues surrounding unemployment and effective workplaces, would be the average amount of normal weekly hours full time workers work. New Islanders currently adapt a 40 hour average working week, with many (particularly in trade areas) working 48 hour weeks. There seems to be a trend towards employees working larger amounts of hours as there is a higher demand for these kinds of workers. Unfortunately, this system favors corporations at the expense to employees and societies. This is an area which must be addressed in order to maintain equality teen the three. If we continue with our current system, issues surrounding this inequality will only get worse. Results could possibly lead to a future where our children would be considered (in today’s society) as slaves. The number one way to address this would be to somehow prove to organizations that decreasing employee’s average hours, would benefit their company in the long run. We can look to countries like Germany and France for particular examples of decreased hours benefiting economies. France currently adapts a 35 hour working week with longer holiday periods. They work the least in the world but have one of the highest productivity rates, working less but working better valuing quality over quantity (Businesswoman’s, 2013). Germany on the other hand, also adapt a 35 hour working week and maintain a low unemployment rate of 5. % (Rheostat, 2014) compared with New Sealant’s 5. 9% (Businesses, 2014). The British Economics Foundation makes fair point in their book time on our side’ that the optimum working resources, reducing greenhouse gas, benefiting employee’s general health and fix unemployment by creating new Jobs. I particularly agree with the issue of b enefiting employee general health. I have previously argued that increasing employees free time days will improve their mood, but will also improves their general health, whether it mental or physical. It is evident that SSH accidents increase as an individual’s amount of hours worked increases, stress and fatigue being general causes (OCHS, 2012). This is neither an efficient or effective way of working and is a particular issue in trade industries, as many opt for increased hour working weeks to keep up with demand. Companies should decreasing employee’s hours in order to decrease work place accidents in order to promote efficient and effective workplaces. A final point to note is that, decreasing the average working week will generate new jobs which is the number one issue at hand in my argument. Altering the generic 40 hour working week is key to combating unemployment and increase efficiency and effectiveness within the New Zealand economy. We can do one of two ways; how the working weeks are structured and by looking at how many hours people work. I argued that in re-structuring to four ten hour days provides far more benefits for employees, societies and companies than five eight hour days in a working week. My final argument proved that the inequalities between these three parties must be dressed now in order for future generations not to be taken advantage of and this can be addressed by decreasing working weeks. I feel that there is a high likelihood that measures to alter working weeks will be addressed in the future, as issues surrounding increasing population vs.. Unemployment due to globalization grow. However, barriers to addressing this would surround individual’s right to choose how much they want to work. As the working economy gets more competitive people will want to do more to get on top. If that means working more, than this issue has the potential to get a lot worse. References Businesswoman’s. 2013, 12 13). Is the 40-hour Workweek Too Long? How to cite Working Weeks, Papers

Mountain Biking (384 words) Essay Example For Students

Mountain Biking (384 words) Essay Mountain BikingIf you want the rush of going downhill at thirty miles an hour on two wheels with wind blowing dirt in your eyes and mud flinging all over you, then mountain biking is for you. However it isnt for the faint of heart. When you fall, you fall hard, and if you ride hard, you go through parts like a runner goes through water. Also keep in mind that mountain biking isnt for everyone. You have to want to live on the edge. The thrill is the reward for all of your efforts. So lets take a walk through a day at the course. The sun is shinning in my room as I wake up on another beautiful Saturday morning. The one thing that excites me as I rise is the fact that today I am going mountain biking. So I get dressed and call my friend Sean. Sean is the person who I go mountain biking with the most. We normally go to a place in Barrington. It is a forest reserve that has great trails. After Sean arrives at my house we do a little pre-ride bike check. We make sure that all of the components are securely on the bike and that the tires are properly inflated. With water bottles filled and bikes ready to go, we are off. Not long after we arrive at our destination we see others just like us who are out to enjoy a great day at the trails. With bikes ready to go so are we. Usually we start off with the small trails that have some hills to them. After we are tired of the small stuff we get into downhill chutes, cross-country riding and all the hard riding that mountain biking is all about. Occasionally, we have a spill or two but nothing to serious. In my case however, the only time I go mountain biking by myself, I fall and break my collar bone. So after a few hours of riding all our energy on the course, we decide it is time to go home. You know that you rode hard if you are covered in mud and dirt. And after another successful ride, we go home to plan our next day at the course. Sports and Games Essays